Cave and Karst

  "The Bushveld Bolide"  Evidence for a Hypothetical Catastrophic Extra-terrestrial Impact Event. Buchanan 2012 Introduction   The Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) South Africa is one of the largest and most enigmatic geological features on Earth. Traditionally, formation of the BIC has been attributed to extensive magmatic activity (Cawthorn, R.G. (1996). However, the unique shape and distribution of the complex, as well as its association with other regional geological features, suggest an alternative explanation. The BIC was formed by a massive, low-angle carbon rich extra-terrestrial impact shatter cone vaporising event. Geological Evidence The elliptical shatter cone shape of the BIC, spanning over 65,000 square km, indicates a trajectory of impact at a shallow angle, rather than a purely vertical magmatic intrusion (Reimold, W.U., & Gibson, R.L. (2006). The Pilanesberg volcano and associated lava flows in the region do not exhibit the expected circumferentia...

  An Overdue Need for the Inclusion of Carbonate Karst Systems in Global Conservation Efforts. Mike Buchanan - 2025 “Beneath our feet lies a forgotten world. Carved in silence by time, shaped by the unseen dance of water and stone. Karst systems speak in echoes, not in shouts; it gives without demand, sustains without glory. In ignoring what lies below, we forsake the source of what flows above. To protect the surface, we must learn to honour the depths and reach of groundwater.” Abstract Carbonate karst systems, formed predominantly in limestone, dolomite, gypsum and chalk, represent unique endemic geological and ecological environments. These systems are not only critical sources of freshwater but also support diverse surface and subterranean biota. However, despite their importance, karst landscapes remain underrepresented in international conservation frameworks such as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. This paper argues for the urgent inclusion of karst systems in globa...

  The Ethical Responsibilities of a Karstologist: A Comprehensive Overview Mike Buchanan 2023 A Philosophical Expression An ethical karstologist embodies a profound responsibility to the intricate karst landscapes they study, recognising these environments as vital ecosystems that sustain diverse life forms and human communities. Their duties extend beyond scientific inquiry; they must advocate for the preservation of these fragile ecosystems, balancing the pursuit of knowledge with a commitment to sustainability and conservation. By fostering a deep respect for the interconnectedness of all living things, an ethical karstologist seeks to illuminate the delicate relationship between human activity and nature, ensuring that their research contributes to a harmonious coexistence that honours the past, nurtures the present, and safeguards the future of karst landscapes. This integrated approach champions the stewardship of these unique environments, emphasizing that the integrit...